Table 3 Honeybees’ daily estimated exposure to alkaloids of Nicotiana glauca feeding solutions (in ng per bee) and mean detected residues in dead bees (in ng per bee; n = 3)
From: An essay on ecosystem availability of Nicotiana glauca graham alkaloids: the honeybees case study
| Feeding solution | Anabasine | Anatabine | Nornicotine | Scopoletin | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Exposure | Residue | Exposure | Residue | Exposure | Residue | Exposure | Residue | ||
| Hexane | 1040 | 4.3 ± 0.19 | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | |
| Dichloromethane | 1040 | 4.7 ± 0.3 | 12 | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | |
| Methanol | 1040 | 5.1 ± 0.27 | 10 | nd | 3 | nd | 11 | < LOQ | |
| Methanol extract 20 μg/mL | 2080 | 9.2 ± 0.52 | 20 | nd | 6 | nd | 22 | < LOQ | |